Understanding Financial Leverage

According to Physics, leverage is the force needed to lift and, if necessary, move loads. Leverage in finance works in similar ways as it works in physics. It amplifies the return.

 

Financial Leverage: Understanding the Power of Borrowed Funds

Financial leverage is a strategic approach used by both individuals and businesses to potentially enhance returns on investments. Here’s what you need to know:

1.Definition:

o    Financial leverage involves using borrowed funds (such as loans or debt) to invest in assets, with the expectation that the gains from those assets will exceed the cost of borrowing.

o    Essentially, it’s about borrowing money to make more money.

2.How It Works:

o    Imagine a company that wants to expand its operations but lacks sufficient equity (ownership capital) to fund the expansion.

o    Instead of relying solely on its own funds, the company borrows money (e.g., through loans or issuing bonds) to finance the expansion.

o    By doing so, the company aims to generate returns from the new assets that exceed the interest payments on the borrowed funds.

o    Let us do the mathematics:

Suppose a company/individual investing 100 rupees can earn 20 rupees return. Suppose further interest rate is 8%. Now if the investor borrows 100 and invests 100 rupees of his own, he will be able to earn 40 rupees on his combined capital of 200 Rupees. But he must pay 8 Rupees interest as well. Thereby after returning the borrowed funds and paying off the interest the investor made 32 rupees profit using his 100 rupees.

3.Benefits:

o    Financial leverage allows businesses to:

§  Accelerate growth: By leveraging borrowed capital, companies can invest in projects, acquisitions, or new ventures.

§  Amplify returns: If the investment performs well, the gains are magnified due to the borrowed funds.

§  Optimizes the capital structure: Balancing equity and debt helps optimize the overall cost of capital – i.e. keeps the overall cost of capital to minimum.

4.Risks and Considerations:

o    While financial leverage can boost returns, it also increases risk:

§  If the investment doesn’t perform as expected, the company still has to repay the borrowed funds.

§  High leverage can lead to financial distress if interest payments become unmanageable.

§  Leverage amplifies both gains and losses, so it’s crucial to assess risk tolerance.

5.Leverage Ratios:

o    Common leverage ratios include the debt-to-equity ratio and the debt-to-assets ratio.

o    These ratios help evaluate a company’s reliance on borrowed funds and its ability to cover debt obligations.

6.Personal Leverage:

o    Individuals also use leverage (e.g., mortgages for real estate) to invest in assets like homes or stocks.

o    The goal is to benefit from asset appreciation while managing debt responsibly.

Financial leverage isn’t inherently good or bad—it depends on the context, risk appetite, and the specific situation. Whether you’re a business owner or an investor, understanding leverage is essential for making informed financial decisions

 

Investing strategies of successful investors

Let us learn about various Investment strategies and successful investors who followed these strategies. You can follow any or combination of below strategies to become successful investor.

investment strategies:

1. Growth Investing:

o    Focuses on buying equities (usually stocks) with high growth potential.

o    Short-term growth involves quick gains, while long-term growth aims for steady appreciation over years.

2. Value Investing:

o    Seeks undervalued stocks—those selling below their intrinsic worth.

o    Investors believe these stocks will eventually rise to their true value.

3. Income Investing:

o    Generates steady income through investments like dividend-paying stocks or bonds.

o    Less risky than some other strategies.

4. Dividend Growth Investing:

o    Targets companies with a history of increasing dividends.

o    Balances income and potential for capital appreciation.

5. Contrarian Investing:

o    Contrarians go against market sentiment.

o    Buy when others sell, and vice versa.

6. Indexing:

o    Passive strategy: Invests in broad market indexes (e.g., S&P 500).

o    Low-cost, long-term approach.

Remember, the right strategy depends on your goals, risk tolerance, and time horizon.

 

For more details, you can explore resources like SmartAsset’s guide on [different investing strategies]¹ and WallStreetMojo’s breakdown of [top investment strategies]²

Some successful investors who have followed the mentioned investment strategies:

1. Dividend Growth Investing:

o    Warren Buffett: The legendary investor and CEO of Berkshire Hathaway has emphasized the importance of long-term investing and quality dividend-paying stocks. His portfolio includes companies like Coca-Cola, Apple, and Bank of America, which have consistently increased dividends over time¹.

2. Value Investing:

o    Benjamin Graham: Known as the “father of value investing,” Graham’s principles influenced later successful investors like Warren Buffett. His book “The Intelligent Investor” remains a classic guide for value investors.

o    Warren Buffett: Again, Buffett’s value-oriented approach has made him one of the most successful investors in history. He use to seek undervalued companies with strong fundamentals.

3. Growth Investing:

o    Peter Lynch: The former manager of Fidelity’s Magellan Fund achieved remarkable success by investing in growth stocks. His philosophy was to invest in what you know and hold for the long term.

o    Philip Fisher: Fisher’s book “Common Stocks and Uncommon Profits” emphasized investing in high-quality growth companies with a long-term perspective.

4. Indexing:

o    John Bogle: Founder of Vanguard Group, Bogle popularized index investing. His creation of the first index fund (Vanguard 500 Index Fund) revolutionized the industry.

Successful investors often combine elements from various strategies, adapting their approach based on market conditions and personal goals. 🌟 For more insights, explore resources like Forbes Advisor’s article on [growth investing alternatives]² and The Balance’s guide on [making money with dividend growth investing]³. Happy investing! 📈

 

 

Contract Accounting vs. Regular Accounting: Key Differences

Introduction

Accounting plays a crucial role in any business, but when it comes to industries like construction and project-based work, specialized accounting practices are essential. In this article, we’ll explore the nuances of contract accounting, how it differs from regular accounting, and recommend some software solutions tailored for these industries.

Contract Accounting: A Unique Perspective

1. Project-Based Nature:

o    Contract accounting focuses more on projects with specific deliverables. Each contract becomes a separate profit center, allowing precise tracking of revenue and expenses for individual jobs.

o    Regular accounting, on the other hand, covers the entire business, not just project-related work.

2. Job Costing:

o    Contract accounting heavily relies on job costing. It tracks both direct and indirect costs associated with each project. This complexity arises because construction job sites are often decentralized, and projects can span long periods.

o    Regular accounting uses standard cost accounting methods applicable to most businesses.

3. Revenue Recognition:

o    Contract accounting follows ASC 606 (Standards Codification 606)/IFRS 15 for revenue recognition. This standard outlines how revenue from contracts and project-related expenses should be recognized.

o    Regular accounting adheres to standard cash or accrual accounting practices.

4. Customization and Complexity:

o    Contract accounting deals with customized sales, varying project requirements, and long-term production cycles. It must handle complexities like retainage (withheld payments) and project-specific adjustments.

o    Regular accounting faces fewer customization challenges.

Best Software Solutions

1. Foundation Software:

o    Features: Financial management, job costing, project management, AIA billing, retainage tracking, customizable invoices, payroll module, and consolidated reporting.

o    Pros: Comprehensive solution for construction-specific needs.

o    Cons: Some operational glitches reported.

o    Pricing: Starting at $400/month¹.

2. Viewpoint Spectrum:

o    Features: Full-featured construction ERP, including accounting, payroll, equipment tracking, service management, and dispatching.

o    Pros: Advanced accounting system, multi-currency processing, and robust project setup module.

o    Cons: None reported.

o    Pricing: Demo available¹.

Conclusion

Contract accounting bridges the gap between financial management and project-specific requirements. As industries like construction and contracting continue to evolve, specialized software solutions empower businesses to thrive in this dynamic landscape.

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In this article, we’ve explored the unique aspects of contract accounting, its differences from regular accounting, and recommended software solutions. Whether you’re managing construction projects or navigating complex contracts, choosing the right tools ensures accurate financial tracking and informed decision-making. Remember, precision matters, especially when every project contributes to your bottom line. Choose wisely, and let your financial software work as hard as your team does.

1: Source

 

 

 

 

Why should one invest in mutual funds?

Wealthy people have their wealth in form which offers them returns. The forms in which wealthy people park their money is real estate, bonds, debentures, mutual fund units, shares and stock along with others.

Take the example of shares which are in fact part ownership of corporations. If you invest in shares of a corporation you in fact own part of it thus taking part in its future profits and losses.

If you invest shares of Cement Company, you expose yourself to risks affecting the cement industry negatively. Moreover, there are some factors that can affect your company specifically like bad management, technological obsolescence and others.

In order to reduce company specific risk exposure, you need to invest in a number of companies. Likewise, if you want to reduce risk exposure to a certain industry you need to invest in different industries.

The more variety of shares you purchase the less risk exposure you will have. Reducing your exposure to risk by way of investing in multiple securities is called diversification.

Diversification when rightly implemented can reduce your risk exposure. But there are costs associated with buying number of different securities e.g. cost of ordering, accounting, etc. In order to get full benefit of diversification you need to invest a large amount in different securities. An individual has limited amount of capital and cannot diversify, which keeps him away from investing.

The problem of small capital can only be overcome by pooling of funds by different interested individuals. But how to pool funds and also the issue who would manage the funds on behalf of investors arises.

The answer to all these questions can be overcome by utilizing a vehicle called mutual fund.

Mutual funds are pool of funds managed by fund manager for the benefit of isolated investors, who don’t have expertise in the investment field.

When you invest through mutual funds, you benefit from the expert management. The analysts working for the mutual fund industry generates financial models which grows your capital as well as provides protection to your capital.

With Mutual fund investing you also get benefit from diversification, and economies of scale.

The one thing anyone interested in investing through mutual funds should keep in mind that the return from mutual fund is dependent not only on the financial markets performance but also the overall economic performance.

So start investing with good mutual fund manager and select the mutual fund after due diligence.

Disclosure: any thing/ content isn’t substitute of professional advice and the blogging team isn’t responsible for any loss/ damage resulting from acting on information from this blog.

What is common among countries with effective Covid-19 response?

Countries with best respons to covid19 have women leaders in common. Countries with female heads performed well in containing the spread of covid-19 as well as containing the casualties. Female leaders have again and again showed the world that they have different focus and they have different way to wield the power. They proved that equal power on the political front can not only benefit the women, themselves but also the wider community.

The notable countries, who responded well to the pandemic, are Singapore, New Zealand, Finland, Germany, Denmark, Iceland and Taiwan.

Let us see the response of female leaders across the world.

Germany

Germany under the leadership of Chancellor Angela Merkel, is conducting the largest corona virus testing in Europe. Testing aggressively like the one Germany did can enhance the ability of country to detect the virus early and isolate and treat patients effectively.

Singapore

A country headed by, President Halima Yacob, immediately responded to the crises. The immediate response was praised by many international observers. The President in Singapore is a nominal head of state. Executive powers rest with the Prime Minister of Singapore.

New Zealand

The Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern of New Zealand took early action of shutting down the tourism and imposing a month long lock-down. Shutting down the tourism was a difficult decision for New Zealand as it relies heavily on tourism.

The Nordic countries
4 of the 5 Nordic countries are led by women.

Finland
The young Prime Minister of Finland Sanna Marin blocked all the roads leading up to Helsinki, area most affected by the virus. Some other measures were reducing the cross border traffic, banning public meeting of more than 10 people and closing down the schools.

Iceland
Iceland under Prime Minister Katrín Jakobsdóttir has put measures like randomized testing, aggressive contact tracing and quarantining the suspected covid-19 cases.

Sint Maarten
Prime Minister Silveria Jacobs of Sint Maarten governs a tiny Caribbean island imposed travel restrictions to contain the spread of coronavirus.

Taiwan
Taiwan President Tsai Ing, as soon as she heard of the novel virus affecting the Wuhan residents immediately ordered to inspect all planes arriving from Wuhan. She also set up the epidemic command centre to monitor the situation.

Michigan, US State
Not only the nation, but jurisdictions governed by women performed well.
The response by Michigan governor Gretchen Whitmer is also appreciated by residents In comparison to Trump’s response.

Why female leaders performed well?
It seems that female leaders care more for health and education for example Benazir Bhutto in her first Govt. implemented the most successful antipolio vaccination drive across the country.

The evolution and the traditional gender role made women, more alert to health risks affecting their nations.

Moreover, the reluctance of male leaders to give in to the pressures for lock-down can be explained by evolution. The men have historically been the one responsible for bread-winning, and they use to think of lock-downs, in terms of lost wages, profits and the accompanied unemployment. Sweden the only Nordic country led by male leader, hasn’t announced the lock-down, thereby facing more deaths than other neighboring countries.

The response to pandemic taught us that man and woman are different with complementary roles to play.